Betting shops come from the Gambling Commission premises licence register, filtered to active betting shop licences in England and geocoded from postcodes via postcodes.io. Points represent postcode centroids, not exact shopfront locations.
Libraries are from DCMS public library data (2016 baseline). Some closures since this dataset was compiled may not be reflected.
Children's centres are from the DfE Get Information About Schools service, filtered to open centres in England.
Museums, galleries, theatres, arts centres, and community centres are sourced from OpenStreetMap. Coverage is community-maintained and varies by area. Rural areas and smaller venues are likely underrepresented, meaning these counts are almost certainly conservative.
Food banks, shelters, and Jobcentres (used for proximity analysis only) are also from OpenStreetMap and will be incomplete.
Deprivation uses the English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 (MHCLG) at LSOA level. The heatmap visualises deprivation intensity across 33,755 small areas. Population figures are ONS mid-2022 estimates.
Suicide and harm statistics are from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (2023), the University of Bristol (2025), and GambleAware.
Gambling Commission. (2025). Industry statistics: Annual report, financial year April 2024 to March 2025. https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/industry-statistics-annual-report-financial-year-april-2024-to-march-2025
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. (2019). English Indices of Deprivation 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019
Office for National Statistics. (2023). Mid-year population estimates, 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. (2023). Gambling-related harms evidence review: Quantifying gambling-related suicide. Department of Health and Social Care.
Newall, P. W. S., Wilkinson, M., Kidger, J., & Rogers, J. (2025). The relationship between Problem Gambling Severity Index scores and suicidality. Addiction, 120(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16764
Saunders, M., Rogers, J., Roberts, A., Gavens, L., Huntley, P., & Midgley, S. (2023). Using geospatial mapping to predict and compare gambling harm hotspots. Journal of Public Health, 45(4), 847-855.
GambleAware. (2023). Written evidence to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee. UK Parliament.
National Centre for Social Research & University of Liverpool. (2022). Patterns of Play. GambleAware.
House of Lords Select Committee. (2020). Gambling Harm - Time for Action (HL Paper 79). UK Parliament.
House of Commons Library. (2026). Betting shops: Licensing and planning issues (SN06919).
Department for Education. (2026). Get Information About Schools. https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk
OpenStreetMap contributors. (2026). OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org