Betting shops are from the Gambling Commission premises licence register, filtered to active betting shop licences in England and geocoded from postcodes via postcodes.io. Points represent postcode centroids, not exact shopfront locations.
Libraries are from DCMS public library data (2016 baseline). Some closures since this dataset was compiled may not be reflected.
Children's centres are from the DfE Get Information About Schools service, filtered to open centres in England.
Museums, galleries, theatres, arts centres, and community centres are sourced from OpenStreetMap contributors. Coverage is community-maintained and varies by area - rural areas and smaller venues are likely underrepresented, making these counts conservative.
Food banks and shelters (proximity analysis only) are sourced from OpenStreetMap contributors and will be incomplete.
Jobcentres are from the official DWP Jobcentre Plus register, published via the NOMIS Labour Market Statistics service (nomisweb.co.uk) on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions, as part of the Government Digital Service Registers programme. Filtered to England only.
Deprivation uses the English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 (MHCLG) at LSOA level, across 33,755 small areas in England. Population figures are ONS mid-2022 estimates.
Harm statistics - the "nearly 500" suicide estimate is a modelled figure from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (2023) and should be understood as an estimate, not a precise count. The "1 in 5" figure is from GambleAware (2023). The "10x concentration" figure is from the University of Bristol (2025).
Gambling Commission. (2025). Industry statistics: Annual report, April 2024 to March 2025.
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. (2019). English Indices of Deprivation 2019.
Office for National Statistics. (2023). Mid-year population estimates, 2022.
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. (2023). Gambling-related harms evidence review: Quantifying gambling-related suicide.
Newall, P. W. S., Wilkinson, M., Kidger, J., & Rogers, J. (2025). The relationship between Problem Gambling Severity Index scores and suicidality. Addiction, 120(9).
GambleAware. (2023). Written evidence to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee.
House of Lords Select Committee. (2020). Gambling Harm - Time for Action (HL Paper 79).
Department for Work and Pensions. (2025). Jobcentre Plus office register. Published via NOMIS Labour Market Statistics (nomisweb.co.uk) under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
House of Commons Library. (2026). Betting shops: Licensing and planning issues (SN06919).
OpenStreetMap contributors. (2026). OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org